Angiotensin is a peptide hormone causing vasoconstriction and blood pressure increase. Derived from liver-produced angiotensinogen precursor molecule. Discovered in late 1930s by Cleveland Clinic and Ciba laboratories
Cerebrovascular disease affects blood vessels supplying oxygen to the brain. Most common presentation is ischemic or mini-stroke. Hypertension is most important risk factor, causing vessel changes. Other risk factors include smoking, diabetes, and atherosclerosis
Vasodilation is the widening of blood vessels through smooth muscle relaxation. Blood vessel walls consist of endothelial tissue, smooth muscle layers, and adventitia. Sympathetic nervous system maintains semi-constricted vessel state
RVH is abnormal enlargement of cardiac muscle surrounding right ventricle. Main causes include pulmonary artery, tricuspid valve or airway problems. Worldwide incidence of pulmonary hypertension is 4 per million people. RVH occurs in approximately 30% of pulmonary hypertension cases
ARBs block angiotensin II receptor type 1 to reduce blood pressure. Main uses include hypertension, diabetic nephropathy, and heart failure. Less adverse effects than ACE inhibitors. Used when ACE inhibitors cause persistent dry cough
1.28 billion adults worldwide have hypertension, mostly in low- and middle-income countries. Only 42% of diagnosed hypertension patients receive treatment. Global target is to reduce hypertension prevalence by 33% by 2030