Natural gas contains primarily methane and ethane as saturated paraffins. Heavier hydrocarbons like propane and butane are liquefied at surface. Natural gas liquids (NGLs) are separated from main gas stream
Isomerization transforms molecules into different chemical structures. Intramolecular rearrangement reactions are called isomerization. Small activation energies lead to temperature-dependent equilibrium
Natural gas comes from crude oil, gas, and condensate wells. 89% of U.S. wellhead production is non-associated gas. Gas can be sweet (free of H2S), sour (high H2S), or acid (containing H2S)
Organic chemistry studies carbon compounds with unparalleled chemical diversity. Carbon atoms form strong bonds with other carbon and elements. Carbon is not abundant but found in all living things. Carbon compounds containing carbonate ions are excluded from organic chemistry
Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons containing maximum hydrogen atoms. Alkynes contain carbon-carbon triple bonds. Alkenes have carbon-carbon double bonds. Constitutional isomers have same formula but different atom arrangement. Branched isomers have lower boiling points than straight isomers
Global oil and gas industry generates $4.2 trillion revenue as of 2024. Industry divided into upstream, midstream, and downstream segments. Upstream companies explore and drill, midstream handles transportation. Downstream companies refine and sell finished products