Dogs descended from extinct Late Pleistocene wolf population. Genetic divergence occurred between 20,000-40,000 years ago. Modern grey wolf is closest living relative to dog. Dog-wolf genetic connection complicated by incomplete lineage sorting
Broiler chickens are specifically bred for meat production. Most commercial broilers reach slaughter weight between 4-6 weeks. Typical broilers have white feathers and yellowish skin. Modern broilers are bred for fast growth and high feed conversion ratio
Veal is meat from young male dairy calves, more expensive than beef. Calves are separated from cows within three days. Milk-fed calves consume milk replacer, grain-fed calves transition to corn-based diet
Alpacas were domesticated 5,000-6,000 years ago from vicuña and guanaco. Originally kept in Andes herds, now worldwide on farms. Peru has largest alpaca population, with over half world's animals
Domestication is the hereditary reorganization of wild animals and plants. First domesticated animals appeared in Central Asia 15,000 years ago. First successful domestication occurred before 9500 BCE. Neolithic Period (10,000-8,000 BCE) marked beginning of agriculture
Secure cow's head with halter and tie to immovable beam. Clean udder thoroughly with warm water and dry gently. Apply latex gloves or lubricant to hands. Use stanchion if available for secure milking