MSL indicates altitude above average sea level globally. AGL shows altitude above ground directly beneath aircraft. MSL altitudes are generally higher than AGL altitudes
VFR allows pilots to operate in clear weather conditions. Pilots must see ground and avoid obstacles visually. Weather below VMC requires instrument flight rules. VFR aircraft may need transponder for ATC identification
Sixteenth edition published in 2016, replacing previous versions. Complements ICAO Standards and Recommended Practices. Contains comprehensive procedures for air traffic management
Radar uses radio waves to detect objects' distance, direction, and velocity. System consists of transmitter, antenna, receiver, and processor. Radio waves reflect off objects and return to receiver for detection
There are three essential emergency transponder codes: 7500 for hijacking, 7600 for lost radio, and 7700 for general emergencies. Pilots transmit these codes using transponders to communicate with Air Traffic Control (ATC). ATC provides guidance and alerts nearby aircraft to maintain distance
Transponder is an electronic device that responds to radio-frequency interrogations. Aircraft use transponders for identification on air traffic control radar. Transponders operate on 1030 MHz for interrogation and 1090 MHz for replies