Thucydides' History presents first realist perspective in international relations. Realists emphasize human egoism and absence of international government. Power and security are central issues in international relations. Realists reject moral norms in international politics
Properties are expressed through predicates, which can be singular terms or nominalized predicates. Properties can be referred to by singular terms like "being honest" or "Mary's favorite property". Properties can have both argument and attributed roles in propositions and facts
States secure survival by preventing one state from dominating others. Strong states balance against threats, weak states bandwagon against them. Balancing and bandwagoning are main strategies for preserving balance
Realpolitik is a diplomatic approach based on practical considerations rather than ideology. Term coined by Ludwig von Rochau in 1853 to describe German state politics. Opposite of Realpolitik is Idealpolitik
Emerged in France around 1848 Revolution as reaction to Romanticism. Rejected exotic subjects and exaggerated emotionalism. Focused on depicting real and typical contemporary people. Emphasized unidealized subjects and social classes. Used gloomy earth tones to avoid idealization
"Bicycle Thieves" (1948) depicts post-WWII Italy's poverty through father-son bicycle search. "Mamma Roma" (1962) explores struggles of former prostitute Mamma Roma and her son. "Once Upon a Time in the West" (1968) features iconic Morricone score and western themes. "Life Is Beautiful" (1997) blends comedy and tragedy about WWII concentration camp