Cells contain same DNA but express only subset of genes. Gene expression controls when, how much, and when proteins are made. Regulation conserves energy and space by turning genes on only when needed
Nucleosome is the fundamental unit of DNA packaging in eukaryotes. Consists of DNA wrapped around eight histone proteins. Each nucleosome contains 146 base pairs wrapped in 1.67 turns. Core particles are connected by linker DNA up to 80 base pairs long
Gene regulation controls production of specific gene products in cells. Regulation occurs at various stages from transcription to protein modification. Gene regulators often work together in networks. Essential for all organisms to adapt to changing environments
Gene expression converts genetic information into functional products like proteins or RNA. All life forms use gene expression to generate macromolecular machinery. Genotype determines phenotype through protein synthesis
Epigenetics studies gene expression changes linked to lifestyle and habits. Lifestyle modulates 85% of genes, only 15% through time. Clarins developed epi-ageing Defense technology for new generation
Term coined by Francis Galton in 1875. Early philosophers favored one factor over the other. Extreme nativism (genetics) and empiricism (blank slate) positions exist