First catalytic converter prototypes designed in France at end of 19th century. Eugene Houdry patented catalytic converter in 1930 for smokestacks. First production catalytic converter created by Engelhard Corporation in 1973
Exhaust system guides reaction gases away from engine combustion. System includes cylinder head, manifold, turbocharger, catalytic converter, and muffler. Exhaust pipes must be heat-resistant and designed to vent toxic gases
Blow-by gases leaked past piston rings into crankcase without ventilation. First system was road draught tube using partial vacuum. Early engines released gases through crankcase seals into atmosphere
Cummins is an American multinational corporation based in Columbus, Indiana. Company operates in approximately 190 countries through 600 distributors and 7,200 dealers. Founded in 1919 by Clessie Cummins and William Glanton Irwin
Arctic states can establish regional reception facilities from May 2024. Mediterranean Sea established as new emission control area with 0.10% sulfur content requirement. Unmanned non-self-propelled barges exempt from Arctic regulations
Notice supersedes BMA Information Bulletin No.75, effective September 18, 2024. MARPOL Annex VI applies to all ships, except exemptions. All Bahamian ships over 400 gross tons must undergo surveys and certification