Decoder converts digital signals into corresponding decimal code. It is the most commonly used circuit before encoders. Decoder accepts binary code as input, unlike encoder
Low pass filter allows low frequencies while attenuating high frequencies. Passive filters use resistors and capacitors for low frequencies. Passive RLC filters handle frequencies above 100 kHz
Signals and amplifiers cover frequency spectrum and basic circuit models. Operational amplifiers include inverting and noninverting configurations. Semiconductors discuss intrinsic and doped types and current flow. Diodes cover rectifier circuits and various applications. MOSFETs and BJTs provide detailed transistor operation and characteristics
Saturation occurs when external magnetic field cannot increase material magnetization further. Different ferromagnetic materials have varying saturation levels. Saturation is most clearly seen as right-bending magnetization curve. Above saturation, magnetization continues at paramagnetic rate
Logic gate performs Boolean functions on binary inputs to produce single output. Can be ideal or non-ideal physical devices. Primary building methods use diodes or transistors as electronic switches. Modern logic gates primarily made from MOSFETs
Nikola Tesla invented the Tesla coil in 1891. Initially used for electrical lighting and X-ray generation. Commercial use in spark-gap radio transmitters until 1920s. Modern coils primarily used for entertainment and educational displays