World Bank includes R&D in business, government, education and private sectors. UNECE defines R&D as percentage of national GDP. OECD measures R&D as total domestic spending excluding foreign funding
Bretton Woods was an international monetary arrangement established in 1944. 730 delegates from 44 countries participated in the UN Monetary Conference. The system was based on the gold standard, with the USD pegged to $35 per ounce. The system was implemented between 1945 and 1973
44 countries met in Bretton Woods in July 1944 to establish a new currency system. John Maynard Keynes and Harry Dexter White were key designers. System required U.S. dollar pegged to gold at $35 per ounce. Only 1% currency exchange rate diversions allowed
No universally accepted criterion exists for classifying countries based on development. Large differences exist in standard of living between countries. Development is a multifaceted problem requiring clear definition
Food price inflation exceeds 5% in 68.8% of low-income countries. Global cereal prices decreased year-on-year: maize 9%, rice 10%, wheat 2%. Climate conditions in 2024 were warmest on record. 343 million people are acutely food insecure globally. 1.9 million people on brink of famine in 2024
Forty-four nations established new international monetary system in July 1944. System aimed to prevent competitive devaluations and promote economic growth. Conference prepared over two years before meeting