Chemical kinetics studies reaction rates and their dependence on reactant concentrations. Kinetics differs from thermodynamics in determining reaction speed. Balanced chemical reactions must be known for rate calculations
Microscope consists of base, eyepiece, lens, stage, arm, and light source. Eyepiece provides viewing, simple models have one, complex ones have binocular. Objective lens magnifies image, coarse and fine focus knobs control focus. Light source and diaphragm control illumination and image quality
Separation and purification have been used since ancient times. Alchemists used separations for philosopher's stone and elixir of life. Manhattan Project required uranium-235 separation during WWII
Developed in 1950s at Dutch Laboratory for Soil Mechanics. Instrumented cone pushed into ground at 1.5-2.5 cm/s. Typical cone tips have 10-15 cm2 cross-sectional area. Early ultra-miniature 1 cm2 cone developed for missile launch system
Reaction mechanism describes step-by-step sequence of elementary reactions. Mechanisms must be thermodynamically feasible and supported by experiments. Reaction intermediates are temporary species that can be isolated. Transition states exist only at reaction peak, intermediates are stable
Social psychology emerged in 19th century from psychology. Norman Triplett's 1898 experiment on social facilitation laid foundation. Floyd Allport's 1924 textbook defined modern social psychology. Kurt Lewin established influential research program