Ferrochrome contains 50-70% chromium by weight. Produced by electric arc carbothermic reduction of chromite. Most produced in South Africa, Kazakhstan and India. Production requires temperatures of about 2,800°C
Ferromanganese is an alloy of iron and manganese with various other elements. Melting point ranges from 1,200°C to 1,300°C. Density is approximately 7.3 g/cm³
Steel production dates back to ancient times in China, India, and Rome. Bessemer process revolutionized steelmaking in 1850s-1860s. Early steel production was labor-intensive and required skilled craftsmanship
Scrap consists of recyclable materials from manufacturing and consumption. Materials are sorted into types, typically metals crushed and shredded. Scrap originates from both business and residential environments
Coke is a grey, hard coal-based fuel with high carbon content. Produced by heating coal or petroleum without air in airless kilns. Bituminous coal must meet specific criteria for coking. Coking process typically occurs at 1,000-1,100°C
Erdemir is Turkey's largest integrated flat steel producer since 1965. Company produces approximately 4 million tons crude steel and 5 million tons final products. Ersem serves as Turkey's largest steel service center with 1.95 million tons capacity. İsdemir, Turkey's largest integrated iron and steel plant, operates since 1970