GGBS is produced by quenching molten iron slag in water or steam. Main components include CaO (30-50%), SiO2 (28-38%), Al2O3 (8-24%). Slag needs rapid cooling below 800°C to prevent crystallization
Pozzolans were first used in ancient civilizations for waterproof renderings. Ancient Greeks and Romans used volcanic materials for construction. Roman buildings like Pantheon and Pont du Gard were built with pozzolan-lime. Pozzolan-lime binders declined with introduction of Portland cement
Fly ash is a hazardous byproduct of coal combustion. It contains aluminous and siliceous components. Two main types: Class F with glass-covered particles and Class C with high calcium content
Karçimsa grinding plant of Akçansa was divested in 2021. Cimsa Sabanci Cement BV established in 2020. Buñol plant acquisition completed in July 2021. Became largest white cement player in western hemisphere
Building materials significantly impact design, aesthetics, and sustainability. Material choices can make or break architectural projects. Materials have evolved from traditional stone and wood to advanced composites
India's steel production increased from 15.2m tons in 1993-94 to 36.9m tons in 2003-2004. EAF and BOF account for 55% and 39% of crude steel production respectively. Steel slag is mainly used as landfill material, not for cementitious products