Inflammation of kidneys caused by systemic lupus erythematosus. Affects approximately 3 out of 10,000 people. Genetic predisposition plays significant role. Autoantibodies target nuclear elements and form immune complexes
RAS is narrowing of one or both renal arteries. Most commonly caused by atherosclerosis (90% of cases). Plaque buildup causes arteries to harden and narrow
DDS is neurological symptoms caused by cerebral edema after dialysis. Typically occurs in end-stage kidney disease patients starting dialysis. Two theories exist: slowed urea transport or increased brain protective compounds. Recent studies show high urea gradient causes osmotic effects
Lithium toxicity occurs when excessive lithium intake or decreased excretion leads to poisoning. About 5,000 cases reported to poison control centers annually in the US. First described in 1898
Nephrocalcinosis describes calcium salt deposition in renal parenchyma. Caused by increased urinary excretion of calcium, phosphate, and oxalate. Associated with hypercalcaemia, hyperphosphatemia, and vitamin D therapy. Can occur with or without hypercalcaemia
Creatinine is a waste product in blood and urine. Normal creatinine levels are 0.6-1.2 mg/dL in males, 0.5-1.1 mg/dL in females. High creatinine isn't harmful but may indicate kidney disease