Bacillus is a genus of Gram-positive, rod-shaped bacteria with 266 named species. Can be aerobic or facultative anaerobic, forming oval endospores. Cell walls contain teichoic and teichuronic acids. Named by Ehrenberg in 1835 for rod-shaped bacteria
DNA sequencing determines the order of nucleotides in DNA molecules. DNA contains four bases: adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine. First DNA sequences were obtained in early 1970s using two-dimensional chromatography
Biologists study life on Earth from cells to communities. They specialize in specific branches like molecular biology or zoology. Research follows scientific method to advance natural knowledge. Most biologists hold bachelor's, master's, or doctorate degrees
Euglena is a genus of single-celled flagellate eukaryotes found in freshwater and salt water. Species can bloom in ponds, creating green (E. viridis) or red (E. sanguinea) colors. Euglena gracilis serves as a model organism in laboratories
mRNA vaccines use messenger RNA to stimulate immune response against pathogens. mRNA is delivered through lipid nanoparticles to protect and enter cells. Vaccines can induce both cellular and humoral immunity
Viruses are infectious agents that replicate only inside living cells. More than 11,000 virus species have been described in detail. Viruses infect all life forms, including bacteria and archaea. Viruses are extremely numerous and found in every ecosystem