19th century began January 1801 and ended December 1900. Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815) pitted France against European powers. British and Russian empires expanded after Napoleon's defeat. Ottoman Empire underwent Tanzimat reforms but remained in decline
Gold color first appeared in English in 1300 for the element gold. Gold as a color name first used in 1400 for blond hair. Metallic gold is a light olive-brown to dark yellow shade
Free web search engine indexing scholarly literature across various formats. Released in beta in November 2004, covering 79-90% of English-language articles. Uses web crawler to identify and index scholarly content. Includes peer-reviewed journals, books, conference papers, and patents
Periodic table organizes elements by atomic structure and color-coding. Elements are arranged by atomic number in three main groups. Atomic number appears above element symbol in upper left corner
Widely accepted formula: °C = (°F - 32) × 5/9. NIST defines alternative formula: °C = (°F - 32) ÷ 1.8. Quick shortcut: subtract 30, divide by 2
1 milligram equals 0.001 milliliter. Conversion requires substance's density information. Formula: milliliters = milligrams / 1,000 × density