Blood vessels transport blood throughout vertebrate's body. Five main types: arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins. Arteries and veins have three layers: intima, media, adventitia. Capillaries consist of single layer of endothelial cells
RAS is narrowing of one or both renal arteries. Most commonly caused by atherosclerosis (90% of cases). Plaque buildup causes arteries to harden and narrow
Foam cells are cholesterol-laden macrophages that form plaques in arteries. They contain LDL and can be detected under microscope after plaque removal. Formation triggered by uncontrolled uptake of modified LDL and cholesterol esterification
Cerebrovascular disease affects blood vessels supplying oxygen to the brain. Most common presentation is ischemic or mini-stroke. Hypertension is most important risk factor, causing vessel changes. Other risk factors include smoking, diabetes, and atherosclerosis
Femoral artery carries blood to lower body, starting near groin. Continuation of external iliac artery through inguinal ligament. Each leg has one femoral artery, running in straight line. Average diameter is 7-8 millimeters, length is 4 centimeters
Claudication is muscle pain during exercise due to insufficient blood flow. Pain typically occurs in legs after walking at specific pace and duration. Pain is intermittent, starting during exercise and ending with rest. Advanced stages may include numbness, skin discoloration, and non-healing wounds