Aminoglycosides are traditional Gram-negative antibiotics containing amino-modified glycosides. Streptomycin is the first aminoglycoside, derived from Streptomyces griseus. Most aminoglycosides contain 2-deoxystreptamine moiety. Streptomyces-derived aminoglycosides end in -mycin, Micromonospora-derived with -micin
Tetracyclines are broad-spectrum antibiotics derived from Streptomyces bacteria. Discovered in 1940s, first reported in 1948. Structure consists of four fused rings with various functional groups
Fewer than a hundred pathogenic bacteria exist in humans. Most bacteria are harmless commensals or saprophytes. Pathogenic bacteria can overcome normal body defenses
Ribosomes are macromolecular machines found in all cells for protein synthesis. Consists of small (30S) and large (50S) subunits containing rRNA and proteins. First observed by George Palade in 1950s as dense particles
Used for intra-abdominal infections, nosocomial pneumonia, skin infections, and pelvic infections. Available in 2.25g to 4.5g strengths for intravenous administration. Treatment duration typically 7-10 days
Penicillin was discovered by Fleming in 1928 from Penicillium notatum mold. Penicillin revolutionized bacterial infection treatment in 1941. Streptomycin was discovered in 1943 as effective against tuberculosis. Gramicidin and tyrocidin were discovered in 1939 by Dubos