Born in 1926, Tumanov studied at Moscow State Institute of International Relations. Worked at Institute of State and Law for nearly thirty years. First Russian judge appointed to European Court for Human Rights. Served as Constitutional Court Chairman (1995-1997)
2017 constitutional amendments strengthened executive function and regulatory authority. Presidential decrees are primary regulations without law basis. President can issue decrees without Assembly authorization or approval. Counter-signature rule abolished, only President's signature required
First ten amendments became effective in 1791 after 2/3 approval. Amendments protect individual rights and freedoms
Born in Palermo in 1941 to anti-fascist Catholic politician Bernardo Mattarella. Graduated from Sapienza University with merit in 1964. Taught parliamentary procedure at University of Palermo until 1983
Highest legal body for constitutional review in Turkey. Composed of 15 members appointed by President and Parliament. Reviews constitutionality of laws, decrees, and presidential executive orders. Can invalidate laws and prevent their application in future cases
Turkey is a democratic, secular and social state governed by rule of law. Sovereignty belongs to the nation without any restrictions. The Grand National Assembly is the sole legislative body. The President exercises executive power. Independent courts govern judicial power