Chest x-ray is most frequently requested radiologic examination. Systematic approach using inside-out method from central to peripheral. Normal anatomy includes lung-diaphragm, heart and mediastinal structures
Uvula is a soft flap of tissue located at the back of the throat. Made of muscle, connective tissue, and covered by mucous membrane. Musculus uvulae controls its shortening and broadening
Collateral ventilation provides backup alveolar ventilation when airways are obstructed. Normal airflow follows least resistance path through bronchial tree. Pathways include pores of Kohn, canals of Lambert, and channels of Martin
Sphincters are circular muscles that control passage flow in the body. Over 50 different types exist, ranging from microscopic to walnut-sized. Some sphincters function involuntarily, others respond to stimuli
Body parts are categorized into head/face, upper body, and lower body. Head and face enable vision, hearing, talking, and self-expression. Upper body supports daily activities like lifting and breathing. Lower body forms foundation for physical movement
Chest CT uses X-rays and computers to create detailed body images. CT provides more detailed images than conventional chest radiographs. Scan creates cross-sectional images to avoid structure superimposition