Rift valleys form where Earth's tectonic plates move apart. Found both on land and at ocean bottoms. Created by tectonic activity, not erosion. Many form at triple junctions where three plates meet at 120° angles
Canyons are deep, narrow valleys with steep sides. River canyons form from water pressure cutting into riverbeds. Weathering and erosion create slot canyons in soft rock. Tectonic uplift creates canyons through crustal movement
Valley is an elongated low area containing a river or stream. Most valleys form through erosion by rivers or streams. Some valleys are created by glacial ice erosion. Valleys may be dry in deserts or have underground drainage
Basin is a depression in Earth's surface shaped like a bowl. Can be filled with water or empty. Formed by forces above or below ground. Can be created over thousands of years or overnight
Valleys are elongate depressions commonly drained by rivers. Rift valleys form from tectonic action, gorges are very narrow deep valleys. Valleys form where sufficient rainfall occurs. Hyperarid environments and young landscapes limit fluvial action
India's main landmasses include Himalayas, Indo-Gangetic Plain, Peninsular Plateau, Coastal Plains. Peninsular Plateau is oldest and most stable, Himalayas youngest and highly unstable. Indian Islands include Lakshadweep coral reefs and Andaman and Nicobar volcanic islands