Ottoman Empire underwent extensive nineteenth-century reform efforts. Modern institutions replaced classical Ottoman state structures. Reform process began under Sultan Mahmut II (1808-1839)
Born as Mustafa in Salonika in 1881. Graduated from Istanbul military academy in 1905. Given name Kemal (meaning "perfection") by mathematics teacher
Born in Salonica in 1881, Mustafa Kemal became military hero at Dardanelles in 1915. Led Ottoman Empire's liberation struggle from 1919 to 1922. Won victories against invaders across Ottoman Empire
Born as Mustafa in Salonika in 1881. Graduated from Istanbul military academy in 1905. Given name Kemal (meaning "perfection") by mathematics teacher
Signed in Lausanne on July 24, 1923, resolving Ottoman-Allied conflict. Negotiated by İsmet İnönü for Turkey, Lord Curzon for Allies, and Venizelos for Greece. Turkey ratified on August 23, 1923, while all other signatories by July 1924
Born in 1881 in Saloniki, Turkey, as Mustafa Kemal. Joined military school and became General Staff Captain in 1905. Participated in Young Turk revolution against Sultan Abdulhamit. Led Turkish forces in World War I, including Gallipoli campaign