First modern court of appeals established in 1868 under Abdülaziz's reign. Initially had Muslim-non-Muslim ratio of two-thirds and one-third. Moved to Sivas in 1920, then to Eskişehir in 1923. Renamed to Court of Cassation in 1945
Established in 1990 after Berlin Wall fall to assist Central and Eastern Europe. Composed of independent experts appointed by participating countries for four years. Currently has 61 members (46 Council of Europe, 15 other countries). Four observers and special co-operation status for Palestinian National Authority and South Africa
France uses Civil law, unlike English-speaking countries' Common Law. The Code Civil (1804) serves as the foundation of French law. The judiciary is independent of the legislative authority
Turkish judicial system operates with strict separation of powers. System consists of civilian and military judiciary categories. Court of Conflicts resolves conflicts between civil and administrative courts