Ringfencing separates company assets or profits without operating as separate entities. Used for regulatory reasons, asset protection, taxation, and avoiding sanctions. Can mitigate liquidation risk and improve corporate credit rating
MNCs control production in at least one country other than their home country. Companies must derive 25% or more revenue from overseas operations. Most current largest companies are publicly traded MNCs
LDA (Limitada) is Portugal's most common private limited company structure. Minimum capital requirement is €5,000. Business name must end with "Limitada" or "Lda". Minimum two partners required for traditional LDA structure
VAT is levied on all taxable supplies and imports at 5% standard rate. Tax applies to tangible goods, services, and imports from abroad. Government agencies and registered businesses are subject to VAT
Employees receive per diems for meals and lodging on business trips. No allowance for trips under 8 hours. Reduced meal allowance for 8-24 hour trips. Standard rate for full day, reduced for arrival/departure. Overnight stay allowance available but often employer covers
Turkish transfer pricing follows OECD guidelines and arm's-length principle. Annual Transfer Pricing Report must be submitted within 15 days. General Report required for MNEs with assets over 500 million TRY. Country-by-Country Report needed for groups with revenues over 750 million euros