Medical ultrasound uses sound waves above 20,000 Hz to create body images. Ultrasound pulses are sent through tissue and reflected back as echoes. Images are created using A-mode, B-mode, M-mode, and C-mode techniques
Uses Doppler ultrasound to examine heart using high-frequency sound waves. Determines blood flow speed and direction using Doppler effect. Requires ultrasound beam parallel to blood flow
Noninvasive diagnostic imaging technique for carotid artery structure. Preferred initial test for carotid artery stenosis diagnosis. Helps assess plaque morphology and characteristics. Monitors response to lipid-lowering therapy
B-mode ultrasound with portal system Doppler is primary for liver assessment. SHRI (sonographic hepatorenal index) shows better steatosis detection than qualitative grading. Liver surface nodularity has better accuracy than echotexture for cirrhosis detection. Hepatic vein morphology provides reliable cirrhosis diagnosis with high specificity
Adrenal gland measurements include length and width in sagittal plane. Appendix size varies by age, commonly enlarged in cystic fibrosis. Bladder volume calculated using ellipsoid formula with specific measurements. Bowel wall thickness evaluated in transverse sections. Common bile duct diameter should be ≤ 3.3 mm
Cross-sectional study evaluated concordance between TIRADS ultrasound and Bethesda cytology. 180 patients aged 18+ with non-toxic thyroid nodules were included. Study used weighted kappa index with 95% confidence interval