Founded in 1996 as merger of left-wing groups. Renamed to Left Party in December 2019 after ÖDP's name change. Currently led by four-member Board of Presidents. Member of Party of the European Left
Democrat Party (DP) established in 1946 as conservative party. Party was suppressed in 1960 military coup and reestablished as Justice Party. True Path Party (DYP) founded in 1983 by Ahmet Nusret Tuna. Party legalized in 1987 after military suppression
First green party established in 1988 under Celal Ertuğ's leadership. Party merged with Equality and Democracy Party in 2012. Greens left YSGP in 2016 due to democratic issues. New party founded in 2020 with 110 members, including 55 women
Turkey has a multi-party presidential republic system. Major parties receive over 7% of votes or are in parliament. Minor parties meet YSK requirements but don't have parliamentary representation
Published "Turkey Between Democracy and Authoritarianism" with Yeşim Arat in 2019. Authored "Uneven Centuries" about Turkey's economic development since 1820. Published "Ottoman Economy and Its Institutions" in 2009. Wrote "A Monetary History of the Ottoman Empire" in 2000
Political parties are essential for democratic systems and must maintain democratic principles. Parties should participate in elections to legitimize their rule of law. The relationship between parties and election systems is cyclical and affects democracy. Proportional representation systems enhance democratic standards but can increase instability