Turks first appeared in 7th century BC at Köğmen Mountains. Hun Empire reached peak under Mete Khan in 3rd century BC. Göktürks established first written Turkish texts in Ötüken. Uigur Turks founded third great state in 741. Atilla established first European Turkish state in 434
Born in 1884 in İzmir to a family of Turkish and Kurdish descent. Graduated from Imperial School of Military Engineering in 1904. Served as chief of staff during World War I and Turkish War of Independence. Commanded forces in First and Second Battles of İnönü
Turkey established as a nation-state after World War I. Cumhuriyet Halk Fırkası founded in 1923 under Atatürk's leadership. Republic declared on September 29, 1923, with Atatürk as first President. Caliphate abolished and Ottoman Dynasty members deported
Mustafa Kemal Atatürk served as Turkey's first president from 1923 to 1938. İsmet İnönü was Atatürk's right-hand man and served as second president. Cemal Gürsel led Turkey through coup d'état from 1960 to 1966
Ottoman Empire faced internal strife and military defeats during First World War. Young Turks reform movement emerged in early 20th century. Ottoman Empire's capital Istanbul was occupied by Allied forces in 1918
Born in 1881 in Thessaloniki to a poor customs official and Muslim mother. Lost his father in 1888, leaving him with only Makbul and Najie. Studied at Shamsi Efendi School and military college. Graduated from Istanbul General Staff Academy in 1905