Allies occupied Mersin in December 1918 after Ottoman Empire's defeat. France controlled most of south Anatolia after Ottoman Empire's disarmament. Gülek Pass was under threat from Turkish nationalist forces
İttihatçılık was the ideology of the Committee of Union and Progress (CUP). CUP emphasized Turkish nationalism but kept it secret until Balkan War defeat. Unionists believed science was key to Ottoman Empire's modernization. They embraced Social Darwinism and German racial theories
Concept introduced by Akib Özbek in 1969 as Turkish ethnic nationalism. Became mainstream under Kenan Evren's 1980 coup. List includes states like Hephthalite Empire and Aq Qoyunlu