Pollen is male gametophyte formed in flower anthers. Pollen transfers male genetic material between flowers. Pollen grains are produced by meiosis in anther sacs
Plants reproduce sexually through flower fusion and asexually through stems, roots, and leaves. Sexual reproduction combines genes, providing adaptability and disease resistance. Asexual reproduction is faster and necessary for non-flowering plants
Heritability measures gene influence on trait variation. Herrnstein and Murray's 1994 book incorrectly linked IQ differences to race. White Americans have average IQ around 100, African-Americans 15 points lower. Differences could be due to environmental factors like social status