Flat plate collector converts solar energy into heat using greenhouse effect. Consists of blackened copper/aluminium plate with copper risers containing water. Enclosed in insulated box with glass/plastic glazing for heat protection. Bottom and sides insulated with foam or aluminum foil
A 100-liter solar water heater has been developed for both urban and rural areas. The system operates on the push-through principle using natural convection. The maximum temperature reached during winter is 60-70°C. Hot water can be withdrawn at a rate of 15-30 liters per hour
Underfloor heating runs at lower temperatures than radiators. Warm water systems are more cost-effective but have higher upfront costs. Electric systems are cheaper to install but more expensive to run. UFH is 25% more energy efficient than radiators
SWH systems use sun's energy to heat water for domestic, space, and industrial use. Active systems use pumps, passive systems rely on gravity. Most common in commercial and residential buildings. Systems typically require backup heat source for peak demand
Rapidly heats hot water using electric resistance and stores it in tank. Available in storage capacities from 100 to 5000 liters. Operates at 380V/50Hz with stainless steel construction. Features magnesium anode for cathodic protection
Project aims to design and test solar thermal collector for heat transfer optimization. System includes copper coils, thermal box, and heater for water heating. Four different coil geometries tested: conical, barrel, hourglass, and constant pitch