Worldwide distribution affecting humans primarily. Found more frequently in impoverished countries. Burrows into upper skin layer, never below stratum corneum. Highest concentrations on hands and wrists (63%)
Bilirubin is a yellow pigment formed from hemoglobin in red blood cells. Indirect bilirubin travels to liver via albumin, then becomes direct. Conjugated bilirubin is excreted through bile ducts in small intestine
Jaundice is yellow skin discoloration caused by elevated bilirubin levels. Bilirubin forms from red blood cell breakdown and is processed in liver. Causes classified as pre-hepatic (before liver), hepatic (within liver), or post-hepatic
Jaundice occurs when bilirubin level reaches 2-3 mg/dL. Most bilirubin is produced from hemoglobin breakdown. Unconjugated jaundice results from increased production or decreased uptake. Conjugated jaundice arises from hepatocyte dysfunction or bile flow obstruction
Infant jaundice is yellow skin and eyes from excess bilirubin in newborn blood. Most common in premature babies and some breast-fed babies. Immature liver can't remove bilirubin quickly enough. Can be caused by underlying diseases like infections or blood incompatibility
Fixed sarcastic grimace and anxious expression. Caused by masseter and other facial muscle spasms