Medical education includes initial training and ongoing professional development. Medical education varies significantly across different countries. Evidence-based approaches are increasingly used in medical education
Health policy encompasses decisions and actions to achieve specific healthcare goals. Policies include global, public, mental health, and insurance-related areas. Operational policies translate national laws into healthcare programs
WHO's leading annual publication since 1995. Available in multiple languages for all WHO Member States. Provides information for policymakers and international organizations. Accessible to universities, journalists and public at large
TRIPS established minimum standards for intellectual property rights in WTO member nations. Negotiated during Uruguay Round of GATT between 1989-1990. US lobbied for agreement through International Intellectual Property Alliance
Oral health affects general health and quality of life through oral functions. Traditional clinical indicators don't capture functional and psychosocial aspects. OHRQoL measures assess oral conditions' impact on behavior and social functioning
Modern nursing developed after Meiji Restoration with Western medicine switchover. Nursing education started in 1885, professional qualifications established in 1941. National Healthcare Act unified nursing professionals in 1948. 2009 amendments required 4-year college education for nurse examination