rRNA is a non-coding RNA that forms the primary component of ribosomes. Makes up about 80% of cellular RNA despite not being translated into proteins. Composed of 60% rRNA and 40% ribosomal proteins
Genetic code translates DNA/RNA into proteins using three-nucleotide codons. Most genes use a single canonical code with 64 possible codons. Three-nucleotide codons typically specify single amino acids. Translation occurs in ribosomes using transfer RNA (tRNA)
Polysome is a group of ribosomes bound to an mRNA molecule. First described as "ergosomes" in 1963 by Warner, Knopf, and Rich. Forms during elongation phase when ribosomes synthesize polypeptides
Ribosomes are macromolecular machines found in all cells for protein synthesis. Consists of small (30S) and large (50S) subunits containing rRNA and proteins. First observed by George Palade in 1950s as dense particles
tRNAs are temporary carriers of amino acids based on mRNA sequence. They are ribonucleic acids capable of forming hydrogen bonds with mRNA. Each tRNA can base pair with three mRNA nucleotides (codons). Only 1 in 10,000 amino acids are incorrectly attached to tRNA
Cells are the basic structural and functional units of living organisms. Organelles are cellular components that perform specific functions. Organelles are classified based on their membrane presence