Cosmic rays are high-energy particles moving through space at near light speed. About 99% are bare atomic nuclei, 1% are electrons. Primary cosmic rays originate from Sun, galaxy, and distant galaxies. About 90% are protons, 9% are alpha particles, 1% are heavier nuclei
Matter is any substance with mass and volume, including atoms and particles. Matter exists in various states like solid, liquid, gas, and plasma. Matter is not the same as mass, which is a property of matter. Matter has both wave-like and particle-like properties
Electron-positron annihilation occurs when electrons and positrons collide. At low energies, only photons are created. At high energies, heavier particles like W and Z bosons can be produced
Classical mechanics studies forces acting on bodies and particle motion. Thermodynamics examines energy transfer and temperature changes. Electromagnetism investigates electron behavior and light interactions
Radiation is the flow of particles and waves at speeds above light speed. Matter is constantly bombarded with radiation from cosmic and terrestrial sources. Radiation can exhibit both wave-like and particle-like behavior
Energy transfers during car crashes between vehicles and stationary objects. Newton's first law states objects remain in motion unless acted upon. Newton's third law explains equal force between colliding objects