pH measures acidity or basicity of aqueous solutions. pH scale ranges from 0 to 14. pH below 7 indicates acidity, above 7 indicates basicity. Litmus test determines acidity: blue turns red for acids, red turns blue for bases
Water molecules dissociate into hydroxide (OH-) and hydronium (H3O+) ions. Hydrogen nucleus immediately protonates another water molecule. Process was first proposed by Arrhenius in 1884
First used by Spanish physician Arnaldus de Villa Nova around 1300. Made from wood cellulose, lichens, and adjunct compounds. Distilled water shows mauve (purple) tint
pH measures hydrogen ion concentration in solutions. pOH measures hydroxide ion concentration in solutions. Both pH and pOH are quantitative measures of acidity/alkalinity
Hydronium and hydroxide ions are present in all aqueous solutions. Solutions are neutral if [H3O+] = [OH−]. At 25°C, Kw = [H3O+][OH−] = 14.00. pH = -log[H3O+], pOH = -log[OH−]
pH measures acidity or alkalinity of chemical solutions. pH scale ranges from 0 to 14, with 7 being neutral. pH = -log[H+] where [H+] is hydrogen ion concentration