Ottoman urbanization followed foundation system centered on mosque-centered neighborhoods. After conquest, 85 Turkish-named neighborhoods were established. By 1600, there were 3265 foundations in 226 neighborhoods
Built in 1452 by Sultan Mehmed II to prevent Byzantine military aid. Designed by architect Muslihiddin Agha, construction completed in four months. Foundation from Byzantine Foneus fortress, walls up to 7 meters thick
Built by Balyan family for Sultan Abdülmecid I around 1854-1856. Replaced 1720 mosque that was destroyed in 1731 Patrona Halil Uprising. Located on Bosphorus shoreline, symbolizing Ortaköy district
Built in 1458 by Sultan Mehmed II as Ottoman Empire's official treasury fort. Constructed by adding three new towers and enclosing ancient Constantinople walls. Each tower stored precious goods, documents, armoury, coins, and gold
Built in 1459 by Sultan Mehmed II on Byzantine acropolis. Originally called New Palace, renamed Topkapı in 19th century. Housed up to 4,000 people at its peak. Located on Seraglio Point overlooking Golden Horn
Founded in 316 BC by Antigonos, later renamed Nicaea by Lysimachos. City walls built in late Roman period, reaching 4970 m in length. Hosted two important Christian councils: 325 and 787. Became Ottoman capital in 1331, producing famous tiles from 16th-17th centuries