Ethers contain oxygen bonded to two carbon atoms in organyl groups. They have bent C-O-C linkages with low rotation barriers. Oxygen in ethers is sp3 hybridized and more electronegative than carbon
Amines contain nitrogen atom with lone pair and are derivatives of ammonia. Classified as primary (1°), secondary (2°) and tertiary (3°) amines. Can be aliphatic (H and alkyl) or aromatic (nitrogen attached to ring)
Functional groups cause characteristic chemical reactions in molecules. Same functional group behaves similarly regardless of molecule composition. Functional groups can be modified by nearby functional groups. Functional groups can be charged, forming polyatomic ions
Propionaldehyde (CH3CH2CHO) is a colorless, flammable liquid with fruity odor. Produced industrially by hydroformylation of ethylene. Exists in equilibrium with 1,1-propanediol in water
Cis-trans isomers have functional groups on same or opposite sides of plane. Cis indicates same side, trans indicates opposite sides. Geometric isomerism is obsolete synonym of cis-trans isomerism. Most cis-trans isomers contain double bonds or ring structures
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