Guanine is one of four main nucleotide bases in DNA and RNA. Contains fused pyrimidine-imidazole ring system with conjugated double bonds. Has two tautomeric forms: keto and rare enol. Binds to cytosine through three hydrogen bonds. High melting point of 350°C due to intermolecular hydrogen bonding
Deoxyribose is a five-carbon monosaccharide derived from ribose. Discovered in 1929 by Phoebus Levene. Exists as linear form and two ring structures in aqueous solution. Contains both d- and l-enantiomers
Nucleic acids are large biomolecules crucial in all cells and viruses. Composed of nucleotides: sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base. Main types are DNA (deoxyribose) and RNA (ribose). DNA contains thymine, RNA contains uracil
Purine is a heterocyclic aromatic compound with pyrimidine and imidazole rings. It is water-soluble and has four tautomers with different nitrogen atoms. Fischer coined the term "purine" in 1884 and synthesized it in 1898
Denaturation occurs when proteins lose their native structure and bioactivity. Can be caused by heat, pH extremes, salt, solvents, or chemical agents. Primary structure remains intact, secondary and tertiary structures are altered. Denatured proteins lose solubility and can aggregate. Enzymes lose their ability to catalyze chemical reactions when denatured
Nucleic acids store genetic information and enable protein synthesis. Composed of nucleotides linked by covalent bonds. Nucleotides contain nitrogenous base, sugar, and phosphate group