ECDIS is mandatory for SOLAS vessels, phased in between 2012-2018. ECDIS displays electronic charts using approved ENC data. System requires backup in case of ECDIS failure
Navigation derives from Latin "navis" (ship) and "agere" (to drive). Early mariners recorded position, distances, and hazards for route finding. Successful landfalls became signposts for future exploration
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First buoys appeared in Guadalquivir River in 1295. Barrel buoys evolved from simple timber beams to conical tonnes. Iron buoys became available in 19th century with watertight bulkheads. Gas illumination patented by Julius Pintsch in 1879
Navigator is responsible for ship/aircraft navigation and position awareness. Primary duties include planning journeys and advising on timing. Modern navigation relies heavily on satellite systems, reducing position accuracy
The Rhône originates in the Swiss Alps and flows south through France and Switzerland. The river divides into the Grand and Little Rhône at Arles, forming the Camargue delta. It is one of three Mediterranean rivers with the largest water discharge. The Rhône Glacier is located at 2,208 meters altitude in Valais