Microscopy enables visualization of objects up to 10000 times their original size. Bright field microscopy uses visible light to detect small objects. Compound microscopes use two lenses: objective and eyepiece. Resolution determines sharpness of images, contrast depends on specimen preparation
Converts phase shifts in light to brightness variations in transparent specimens. Phase changes are invisible without special arrangements. Light travels through media causing amplitude and phase changes
SPM was founded in 1981 with scanning tunneling microscope invention. Forms images using physical probe that scans specimen surface. Resolution varies but some techniques reach atomic level
Staining enhances contrast in microscopic samples. Used in histology, cytology, and medical fields for disease diagnosis. Can define tissues, cell populations, and organelles
Substrate can refer to chemical species in reactions or surfaces for microscopy. In chemistry, substrate is the material being modified or acted upon by enzymes. Le Chatelier's principle shows substrate as reagent whose concentration changes
FOV refers to the angular extent of observable world seen at any moment. Humans have 210-degree horizontal visual field without eye movements. Binocular vision covers 114 degrees horizontally in humans. Color vision concentrated in center, motion perception in periphery