Beaches are sediment accumulations along sea or lake shores. Three main types: rocky coast strips, free beaches, and long-distance barriers. Active beach extends from highest storm swash line to wave-resistant depth. Profile includes beach terrace, steep frontal slope, and submarine bars
Industrial minerals are geological materials used commercially without fuel or metal sources. They are used in natural state or after beneficiation as raw materials or additives. Evaluation requires technical tests and end-product evaluation
Mars contains valuable ores that could benefit future colonists. Heat from molten rock and crater impacts creates ore deposits. Magma cooling concentrates heavy elements like copper and nickel. Hot solutions form hydrothermal deposits containing valuable minerals
Anglo American, Sasol, and Exxaro Resources lead South African mining sector. Gold mining companies include AngloGold Ashanti, Gold Fields, and Harmony. Platinum mining companies include Anglo American Platinum and Impala. Contract mining companies include Aveng Mining and African Underground Mining Services