Propylene carbonate (C4H6O3) is a colorless, odorless cyclic carbonate ester. Mainly prepared by carbonation of epoxides, not using phosgene. Can be synthesized from urea and propylene glycol over zinc acetate
Calculator requires battery capacity, charge current, and optional state of charge. Battery capacity can be measured in mAh, Ah, Wh, or kWh. Charger current can be measured in milliamps, amps, or watts
Lithium cobalt oxide (LCO) batteries are best for charging but expensive. Lithium manganate (LMO) batteries are cheap and safe but have low energy. NMC batteries offer high energy density but are sensitive to temperature. NCA batteries have similar performance to NMC but higher cost. LiFePO4 batteries provide high safety but have short life
Over 1.25 million dangerous goods shipments occur annually by air. IATA works with ICAO to maintain safety guidelines for hazardous materials. Training is mandatory for all supply chain personnel, requiring renewal every two years
Lithium batteries include lithium metal and lithium-ion types. Lithium metal batteries are primary, used for watches and calculators. Lithium-ion batteries are rechargeable, powering phones and vehicles. Sodium ion batteries use organic electrolyte and are UN 3551/3552
Most dangerous goods are prohibited in carry-on and checked baggage. IATA DGR manual contains more restrictive regulations than ICAO annex 18. Dangerous goods pose serious safety threats to aircraft and passengers