In vitro studies involve studying microorganisms, cells, or biological molecules outside their natural environment. These experiments are conducted in labware like test tubes, flasks, and Petri dishes. Traditional methods include cell culture, protein purification, and polymerase chain reaction
Plasmoid is a coherent structure of plasma and magnetic fields. Term coined by Winston H. Bostick in 1956. Bostick described plasmoids as toroidal plasma cylinders
Endothermic reactions absorb heat from surroundings to transform reactants into products. The surroundings cool down during endothermic reactions. The reaction's enthalpy change (ΔH) is positive (ΔH>0). Most endothermic reactions are non-spontaneous
Minimum 2.00 GPA required for graduation. Three non-technical and nine technical elective courses needed. Five technical electives must come from Physics department. Seven technical electives must be 3XX/4XX coded
Catalyst is a substance that speeds up chemical reactions without being consumed. Concept first described by Elizabeth Fulhame in 1794. Catalysts are both reactants and products in chemical reactions
Percent error measures the difference between experimental and theoretical values. Formula: |(Experimental Value - Theoretical Value)| / |Theoretical Value| * 100. Error can be positive or negative, depending on the science context