Continuity Equation states that fluid inflow equals outflow in systems with no fluid movement. Equation derives from conservation of mass principle. Represented as: ∂ρ/∂t + ∇(ρu) = 0
Three main parameters: volumetric flow rate, mass flow rate, and average velocity. Volumetric flow rate (Q) is most common for liquids, mass flow rate for gases. Average velocity (V) is defined as Q/A, where Q is volumetric flow rate
Matter consists of indivisible particles called atoms. Each element contains atoms identical in mass and properties. Theory developed through gas law observations and chemical reaction experiments
Momentum is the product of mass and velocity (p = m × v). Momentum is a vector quantity with both direction and magnitude. SI unit of momentum is kilogram-meter-per-second (kg m/s)
Mass cannot be created or destroyed during a process. Mass flow rate is the amount of mass flowing through a cross section per unit time. Control volume selection should make surface normal to flow. Steady-flow processes maintain constant total mass within control volume
Conservation of mass principle states that total mass remains constant during a process. Mass and energy can be converted according to Einstein's formula E = mc². Conservation of momentum requires net force acting on a system to be zero