Global maritime trade grew 2.4% in 2023, recovering from 2022 contraction. Key chokepoints like Suez and Panama Canals face increasing geopolitical risks. Over 80% of world trade volume is carried by sea. Container ship demand increased 12%, while ton-mile demand grew 3%
Transportation links derived demand through spatial connections. Space serves as both generator and constraint for mobility. Locations can be central or intermediate elements. Transportation requires space consumption and seeks massification
First oil tankers built in 1860s using wind-powered sails. First steam-driven tanker Vaderland launched in 1873. First modern tanker Zoroaster built by Ludvig Nobel in 1878
Founded in 2003 by Zeynep Ozturk with extensive bulk shipping experience. Operates globally from Turkey to China, USA, Egypt and Russia. Specializes in drybulk operations and contracting worldwide
Port handles various cargo including general goods, bulk, containers, food, timber, and oil. Bay allows vessels up to 19m draft, inner waters up to 12.5m. Ice-free port open year-round. Tidal variation virtually zero
Intercity buses carry passengers between cities without stops. First scheduled service was stagecoach in 17th century England. Golden age was Regency period (1800-1830) with improved coach design. Railways replaced stagecoaches in 1830s