Components can be connected in series or parallel for electrical networks. Series circuits have single path, parallel circuits have multiple paths. Voltage in series equals sum of component voltages. Voltage in parallel equals sum of component voltages
Fibrinolysis prevents blood clots from growing and becoming problematic. Plasmin enzyme breaks down fibrin mesh, producing circulating fragments. Plasminogen, produced in liver, is converted to active plasmin by t-PA and urokinase. Fibrinolysis occurs slowly after bleeding stops due to t-PA release
Saline is a mixture of sodium chloride and water. Normal saline contains 9g NaCl per liter (0.9%). Saline has a pH of 5.5 due to dissolved carbon dioxide
Vasodilation is the widening of blood vessels through smooth muscle relaxation. Blood vessel walls consist of endothelial tissue, smooth muscle layers, and adventitia. Sympathetic nervous system maintains semi-constricted vessel state
Cerebral circulation delivers oxygenated blood to brain through arteries and veins. Adult cerebral blood flow is 750 ml/min, about 15% of cardiac output. Blood vessels undergo postnatal maturation for brain function
We spend about one-third of our lives sleeping. About 35% of people get less than seven hours of sleep. Side sleeping is the most common sleep position