Mitral stenosis obstructs left ventricular inflow due to valve structural abnormality. Most common cause is rheumatic fever, occurring decades after initial episode. Other causes include carcinoid disease, lupus, and congenital stenosis
Coronary stent is a tube-shaped device placed in heart arteries to keep them open. Drug-eluting stents are most common, used in over 90% of PCI procedures. Stents reduce angina and improve survival after heart attack. Similar procedures used for peripheral artery disease
Off-pump CABG bypasses coronary artery blockages without heart-lung machine. Heart continues to send blood during surgery. Used to restore blood flow to heart muscle
ASD is a congenital heart defect with a hole between upper heart chambers. Types include Ostium Secundum, Patent Foramen Ovale, Ostium Primum, and others. Most ASDs close naturally during childhood growth
CABG treats coronary artery disease by rerouting blood flow around blocked arteries. Coronary artery disease results from fatty buildup narrowing heart muscle
CABG restores blood flow to heart through bypassing narrowed coronary arteries. CAD affects 18 million Americans and is leading cause of death. Procedure reroutes blood around blocked coronary arteries using grafts