Born in Istanbul in 1882, son of first Turkish Public Works Minister. Graduated from Military Academy in 1901, became Staff Captain in 1905. Served in various campaigns during Balkan Wars and Tripoli War. Commanded 20th Army Corps during First World War
Allied troops occupied Istanbul in December 1918. France entered Istanbul in February 1919, marking Ottoman sovereignty's end. Greece and Italy claimed southwestern Anatolia, occupying various Turkish territories
Born in 1762 in Visevac village during Ottoman occupation of Serbia. Participated in Austro-Turkish war as Austrian Freikorps officer. Joined Serb resistance groups known as "hajduks". Became leader of Serbian rebels against Ottoman rule
Mustafa Kemal's landing in Samsun in 1919 marked the start of the war. Amasya circular declared national liberation in June 1919. Erzurum Congress declared national unity and rejection of mandates. Entente States occupied Istanbul in March 1920