Zojirushi Stainless Insulated Bottle and Stanley Legendary Classic are top performers. Thermoses use vacuum insulation to keep liquids hot or cold. Most models maintain temperatures above 170°F after 8 hours. Cold retention is easier than heat retention. Cup lids provide better insulation than handle-style lids
Heat transfer occurs through conduction and convection mechanisms. Heat always flows from high to low temperature bodies. Thermal radiation and conduction are main physical mechanisms
Basotect® is a flexible melamine resin foam with open-cell structure. Introduced in 1984 as world's first melamine resin foam. Available in eight grades for different applications
Glass fiber was first exhibited at 1893 World's Columbian Exposition. Games Slayter invented glass wool in 1932-1933 for thermal insulation. Modern production started in 1936, with Owens-Corning becoming major producer
Foam glass is made by heating glass with blowing agents like carbon or limestone. Contains gas-filled closed-cell pores comprising 80-90% of total volume. First developed by Saint-Gobain in 1930s using calcium carbonate
Shipbuilding sector faces 40% carbon emissions reduction target by 2030. Sustainability, safety and digital solutions increasingly shape industry choices