Raft foundation uses large concrete slab to support columns and walls. Also known as mat foundation, spreads loads over wide area. Ideal for heavy structures on weak soils with low bearing capacity
Measure total space height from bottom to top (rise). Add 6-7 feet for headroom between stair top and ceiling. Divide total rise by 6 or 7 inches to get number of steps. Divide total rise by number of steps to get step height
Gray water contains food residues and cleaning chemicals, black water has fecal material. Pitch refers to roof surfaces with slope for rainwater flow. Cantilever structures are suspended in air with no visible ground support. Grade beam connects insulated footings and supports walls below ground level
Finished Floor Level (FFL) marks height after all finishes are installed. Structural Floor Level (SFL) indicates floor height before finishes. Building Ground Level (BGL) serves as starting point for construction. Ordinance Survey (OS) level provides UK-wide land height reference. Natural Ground Level (NGL) represents site's initial level before construction
Manual designed for water well contractors to train new personnel. Reduces essential knowledge needed for water well work. Addresses manpower shortage in water well industry
Wire rope is twisted bundle of drawn steel wires with strands and core. Wires are laid in various arrangements with definite pitch. Core can be fiber, independent wire rope, or strand material