Shot peening creates compressive residual stress layer on metals and composites. Process involves striking surface with shot particles to create plastic deformation. Similar to sandblasting but doesn't remove material. Can increase fatigue life up to 1000% depending on various parameters
Milling cutters remove material through movement or shape. Flutes are helical grooves with teeth along edge. More teeth increase material removal rate. Helix angle affects vibration and surface quality
Molten metal is forced into mold cavity under high pressure using hardened steel dies. Process involves four main steps: preparation, filling, ejection, and shakeout. Most castings are made from non-ferrous metals like zinc, aluminum, magnesium
Steel is an alloy of iron and carbon with improved strength and fracture resistance. Carbon content in steel ranges from 0.02% to 2.14% by weight. Steel is denser than pure iron, with density between 7,750 and 8,050 kg/m³
Extrusion pushes material through die to create fixed cross-sectional profiles. Process works with brittle materials using only compressive and shear stresses. Can be continuous or semi-continuous, hot or cold
Abrasive is a material used to shape or finish through rubbing. Abrasives can be natural (minerals) or synthetic (manufactured). Common natural abrasives include diamond, corundum, and pumice. Synthetic abrasives include silicon carbide, boron carbide, and zirconia alumina